A na-eme akwụkwọ eserese, carbon akwụkwọ akụkọ{0}ihe dabere na graphite eke ma ọ bụ pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) gbakwasara ahụ nke ukwuu site na mkpochapụ na usoro ịpị. Ọ na-ejikọta ezigbo ọkụ eletrik, conductivity thermal, na nkwụsi ike kemịkalụ nke graphite na ìhè, mkpa, na mgbanwe nke akwụkwọ. Ihe okike ya abụghị naanị nnukwu ọganihu na sayensị ihe, mana ọ na-egosipụtakwa ikike ngwa dị omimi na mpaghara dị ka ike, elektrọnik, na gburugburu ebe obibi, ihe ọhụrụ teknụzụ na-emepe emepe na nghọta sayensị miri emi.
1. Ọganihu Sayensị na Ọdịdị na Nrụmọrụ: Nkwalite ahazi site na Micro ruo Macro
Mkpa sayensị nke akwụkwọ graphite pụtara nke ọma na mmekọrịta ya pụrụ iche n'etiti microstructure na akụrụngwa macroscopic. Ihe graphite ọdịnala na-abụkarị n'ụdị nnukwu ma ọ bụ ntụ ntụ, na-eme ka ha sie ike itinye ozugbo na ngwa chọrọ ịdị arọ na mgbanwe. Otú ọ dị, site na ijikwa interlayer stacking nke graphite microsheets (na-ejikarị na-ejigide usoro iwu nke ụfọdụ sp² carbon Layers hybridized), akwụkwọ graphite na-enweta obe {{2}oke ọnụ ọgụgụ site na nanosheets abụọ- akụkụ nanosheets abụọ gaa na continuum macroscopic. Ọkpụrụkpụ ya a na-ahụkarị bụ naanị 0.05-1mm, njupụta ya dịkwa ihe dịka 2.1-2.3g/cm³ (n'akụkụ njupụta usoro echiche nke graphite). Otú ọ dị, ọ na-anya isi na - ụgbọ elu thermal conductivity nke 1000-3000 W/(m·K) (tụnyere graphene otu-layer), ihe ọkụ eletrik nke 10⁵-10⁶ S/m (ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 80% nke ọla kọpa), na ezigbo inertness (acid na alkali resistance). Nchikota a nke dị arọ, ịdị elu dị elu, na nkwụsi ike na-emeri ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe nke omenala, na-enye ntọala ihe dị mkpa maka ịkwado ihe ịma aka nchịkwa okpomọkụ na nnyefe ike na mkpa maka mgbanwe eletrik na-agbanwe agbanwe na ngwaọrụ eletrọnịkị.
2. Innovation na Ngalaba Ike: Ịkwalite njikwa ọkụ na ike nchekwa ike
N'imegide ndabere nke mmepe ngwa ngwa na teknụzụ ike, isi uru akwụkwọ graphite na-egosipụta nke ọma na njikwa okpomọkụ. Site na nnabata nke ngwaọrụ njupụta ike dị elu{1} (dị ka 5G base station chips na batrị ụgbọ ala ume ọhụrụ), mmebi arụmọrụ yana ọbụna ihe nchekwa nchekwa nke ikpo oke ọkụ na mpaghara na-akpata abụrụla nnukwu ihe mgbochi. Akwụkwọ eserese, nke nwere ultra- dị elu na-ụgbọelu na-ekpo ọkụ ọkụ, na-eduzi ọkụ nke ọma n'ụzọ ezubere iche (dịka ọmụmaatụ, thermal conductivity na ntụziaka perpendicular na interlayer bụ naanị ihe dị ka 10 W/(m·K), ebe ọ nwere ike iru ọtụtụ puku n'ime - ntụziaka ụgbọ elu). Nke a na-eme ka a na-eji ya eme ihe n'ígwé ọkụ ọkụ batrị (dị ka ihe nkiri mgbasa ọkụ graphite na batrị Tesla 4680) yana dị ka ihe na-ekpo ọkụ ọkụ maka ibe ọkụ LED. Data nnwale na-egosi na ịtinye akwa mkpuchi akwụkwọ graphite na modul batrị lithium nwere ike belata okpomọkụ kachasị elu n'oge ụgwọ na mwepụ site na ogo 15-20 wee gbatịa ndụ okirikiri ihe karịrị 30%.
Akwụkwọ eserese na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa na ngwaọrụ nchekwa ike. Dị ka ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe electrode maka supercapacitors, elu conductivity na-ebelata interfacial iguzogide (karịa 50% ala karịa omenala activated carbon electrodes). Nhazi ya nwere akwa akwa na-enye ụzọ mgbasa ozi ọsọ ọsọ abụọ{3} maka ion (dị ka Li⁺ na Na⁺), na-enyere ngwaọrụ ahụ aka idowe ihe karịrị 90% nke ikike izizi ya ọbụlagodi mgbe agbagoro. Karịsịa, akwụkwọ graphite nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-akwado maka akpụkpọ ahụ electrolyte steeti siri ike{{6}. Ịrụ ọrụ nke dị n'elu (dị ka iwebata otu sulfonic acid) nwere ike ịkwalite nhazi otu lithium ion na batrị ígwè lithium, na-egbochi uto dendrite, ma si otú a kwalite nchekwa batrị.
3. Ịkwanye Eletrọnịkị na Teknụzụ Nghọta: Ihe Nkume Nkuku Maka Eletrọnịkị Na-agbanwe agbanwe
Site na mmepe ngwa ngwa nke ngwaọrụ eletrọnịkị na-agbanwe agbanwe (dị ka sensọ wearable na ihuenyo mmetụ ihuenyo a na-emegharị emegharị), ngwa ọdịnala siri ike (dị ka ihe nkiri igwe na indium tin oxide (ITO)) enweghị ike imezu ihe ndị a chọrọ n'ihi nhịkọ na enweghị mgbanwe. Ngwongwo ngbanwe na ngbanwe nke akwụkwọ graphite na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ezigbo nhọrọ: ọ nwere ike iguzogide ihe karịrị 10⁵ bends (ya na radius curvature nke na-erughị 1mm) na-enweghị mfu nke conductivity, enwere ike guzobe ya n'ụdị ọ bụla site na iji ngwa dị mfe (dị ka ịkpụ na ịkụ ọkpọ). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ihe mmetụta sensọ na-agbanwe agbanwe, akwụkwọ graphite nwere polymers na-agbanwe agbanwe, na-etinye uche ya na mgbanwe na nguzogide eletrik na eriri (ya na ọnụọgụ uche (GF) nke 5-10), na-eme ka elu{6}} nleba anya nkenke nke nrụrụ nkeji (dị ka ụbụrụ mmadụ na mmegharị nkwonkwo). N'ihe gbasara akpụkpọ eletrọnịkị, akwụkwọ graphite - ihe mmetụta sensọ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ n'ofe -20 ogo ruo ogo 150, na-enye nkwado teknụzụ isi maka nzaghachi tactile na robots biomimetic.
4. Uru nwere ike na gburugburu ebe obibi na sayensị na-adịgide adịgide
Ihe sayensị pụtara akwụkwọ graphite gbatịkwara na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi. Akụrụngwa ya, graphite, bụ nnukwu carbon a na-ahụ n'ime ụwa (ihe nchekwa graphite eke ụwa karịrị nde tọn 300). Ọzọkwa, usoro mmepụta na-enye ohere maka ịmegharị electrodes graphite n'efu (dị ka ndị sitere na nchara), nwetaghachi ihe onwunwe, n'ụzọ kwekọrọ n'ụkpụrụ nke kemịkalụ ndụ ndụ. Ọzọkwa, akwụkwọ graphite nwere porous usoro (enwere ike gbanwee porosity ya site na usoro oxidation na-achịkwa{4}}) na-enyere ya aka igosipụta arụmọrụ mgbasa ozi mara mma maka mmetọ dị ka ion metal arọ na ihe e ji esiji ahịhịa. Nnwale egosila na akwụkwọ graphite na-arụ ọrụ nke amino{6} nwere ike nweta ikike mgbasa ozi nke 280 mg/g maka Pb²⁺, karịa nke carbon arụnyere (ihe dị ka 100 mg/g). N'ime ogologo oge, dị ka ihe nnochite anya carbon{10} ihe na-arụ ọrụ dabere, akwụkwọ graphite na-enye usoro ihe ọhụrụ maka teknụzụ "carbon -ga{12}}carbon" (dị ka carbon dioxide adsorption na ntụgharị) nke ezubere iji nweta nnọpụiche carbon.
Mkpa sayensị nke akwụkwọ graphite dị ọ bụghị naanị na nrụpụta ya kamakwa n'ọrụ ya dị ka "ihe akwa akwa," na-ejikọta nyocha bụ isi na ngwa injinia: site na ikpughe usoro mgbakọ nke ihe carbon abụọ dị na microscale ruo n'ịkwalite mmepụta ọhụrụ na ume, ngwa elektrọnik, na teknụzụ gburugburu na macroscale. Site na njikarịcha usoro nkwadebe (dị ka uto ozugbo nke nnukwu - mpempe akwụkwọ graphite na-eji kemịkalụ vapor deposition (CVD) na agamnihu n'ihu n'ichepụta ọrụ (dị ka mgbanwe nke usoro eletrọnịkị site na doping na nitrogen ma ọ bụ atom boron), a na-atụ anya akwụkwọ graphite ga-aga n'ihu na-agbasa ókèala ngwa ya wee bụrụ otu n'ime ihe ntọala ntọala anọ na-akwado Mgbanwe.
