Sayensị ewu ewu - Graphite

N'ihe dị ka 1930s, Li Mao graphite mine na Jixi, Heilongjiang Province, na Shanshui stone graphite mine na Shandong Province malitere mmepụta na nhazi nke graphite. N'oge ahụ, usoro irite uru dị mfe, ọnọdụ ọrụ nke ndị ọrụ adịghị mma, na arụpụtaghị ihe dị oke ala, na-enweta naanị ọtụtụ puku tọn kwa afọ. Mgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ nke mmepe gasịrị, mmepụta nke graphite na carbon carbon na China ebiliwo ngwa ngwa. Site na 2004 ruo 2011, mmụba kwa afọ nke graphite na mmepụta ngwaahịa carbon bụ 22.12%. N'afọ 2011, mmepụta graphite na carbon carbon na China bụ nde tọn 2556.17, yana mmụba otu afọ{10}na{11}} ruru 21.98%.

Ngwaahịa graphite na carbon nwere ihe ndị mara mma ma a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe. Ike mmepụta ha na uru akụ na ụba na-egosi ọganihu ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa. Na 2011, mmepe nke China graphite na carbon ngwaahịa ụlọ ọrụ dị ngwa ngwa. Ụlọ ọrụ dị n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ikike dị elu iji jikwaa na ịchịkwa ọnụ ahịa ma nwee nnukwu uru. Dị ka data si National Bureau of Statistics si kwuo, na 2011, mmepụta mmepụta uru nke China graphite na carbon ngwaahịa ụlọ ọrụ ruru 167.564 ijeri yuan; ego ha nwetara bụ ijeri yuan 167.765, na-abawanye site na 40.58%; Ngụkọta uru ahụ bụ ijeri yuan 10.959, na-abawanye site na 50.87%. Site na mgbasawanye nke ngwa na-aga n'ihu, asọmpi na ụlọ ọrụ graphite na ngwaahịa carbon na-esiwanye ike.

Enwere ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ graphite na ngwaahịa carbon n'ime ogo mmepụta na China, ọkwa itinye uche dị ntakịrị. Ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke 2011, ụlọ ọrụ 871 dị n'okpuru ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmepụta na ụlọ ọrụ graphite na ngwaahịa carbon nke China. Ngụkọta ego ha nwetara n'ahịa iri kacha elu ruru naanị 13.46% nke ụlọ ọrụ niile. Site n'echiche nke mmepe mmepe na asọmpi asọmpi nke graphite zuru ụwa ọnụ na ahịa ngwaahịa carbon, n'ọdịnihu, ụlọ ọrụ graphite na carbon carbon na China ga-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ tinye n'ime nnukwu ìgwè, ọkwa ntinye nke ụlọ ọrụ a ga-abawanye ụba.

Site na mmepe ngwa ngwa nke ụlọ ọrụ dị ka metallurgy, injinịa kemịkalụ, igwe, ngwaọrụ ahụike, ike nuklia, ụgbọ ala, ikuku ikuku, wdg na China, ọchịchọ maka ngwaahịa graphite na carbon n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ndị a ga-aga n'ihu na-abawanye, na ụlọ ọrụ graphite China na carbon carbon ga-edobe ọnụ ọgụgụ ngwa ngwa. Site na 2006 ruo 2011, ọnụego mmụkọ kwa afọ nke ahịa ahịa na ụlọ ọrụ graphite na ngwaahịa carbon bụ 36.56%.

E sitere na okwu Grik "graphein", nke putara "ejiri ede ihe". Ọ bụ onye German chemist na mineralogist AG Werner kpọrọ ya na 1789.

Carbon bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị nke dị n'ụdị dị iche iche na mbara ikuku na n'ala. Carbon n'ụdị elementrị ya ka ụmụ mmadụ ghọtara ma jiri ya mee ihe ruo ogologo oge. Usoro nke ogige carbon - organic bekee - bụ ihe ndabere nke ndụ. Carbon bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ígwè ezi, ígwè a kpụrụ akpụ na ígwè. Carbon nwere ike iji kemịkal jikọtara ya na onwe ya wee mepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ogige, nke bụ mkpụrụ ndụ dị mkpa na bayoloji na azụmahịa. Ọtụtụ ụmụ irighiri ihe dị ndụ nwere carbon.

Ụdị ịdị adị

Carbon dị n'ụdị dị iche iche, gụnyere carbon elemental crystalline dị ka diamond na graphite; carbon amorphous dị ka coal; mgbagwoju organic ogige dị ka anụmanụ na osisi; na carbonates dị ka marble. Njirimara anụ ahụ na kemịkalụ nke carbon elemental dabere na nhazi kristal ya. diamond, nke siri ike nke ukwuu, na graphite, nke dị nro na nke na-amị amị, nwere ụdị kristal dị iche iche ma si otú ahụ dị iche iche, njupụta, ihe mgbaze, wdg.

Njirimara akụrụngwa

N'ebe okpomọkụ dị n'ime ụlọ, njirimara kemịkalụ nke carbon elemental kwụsiri ike ma ọ naghị agbaze n'ime mmiri, acid dilute, bases dilute, ma ọ bụ ihe mgbaze organic. N'ebe okpomọkụ dị elu, ọ na-emeghachi omume na oxygen iji kpọọ ọkụ, na-emepụta carbon dioxide ma ọ bụ carbon monoxide. Naanị hydrogen nwere ike ime ozugbo na carbon elemental na halogens. N'okpuru ọnọdụ kpo oku, carbon elemental dị mfe iji acid mee ka ọ bụrụ oxidized; na oke okpomọkụ, carbon nwekwara ike imeghachi omume na ọtụtụ ọla iji mepụta carbide metal. Carbon na-ebelata ma enwere ike iji ya gbaze ọla na oke okpomọkụ. Na mgbakwunye, chlorosulfonic acid nwere ike agbaze graphite, na-akpụ a chlorosulfonic acid "ihe ngwọta" nke otu{{5}Layer graphene.
Graphite bụ mineral kristal nke ihe carbonaceous. Ngwunye kristal ya bụ ihe owuwu nwere akwa hexagonal. Oghere dị n'etiti oyi akwa ọ bụla bụ 340 pm, na oghere dị n'etiti atom carbon n'otu oyi akwa bụ 142 pm . . Ọ bụ nke sistemu kristal hexagonal ma nwee nhịahụ zuru oke. Ụgbọ elu ndị ahụ na-agbaji agbawa bụ nke nwere njikọ molekụla ma nwee ihe na-adọrọ adọrọ nke na-esighị ike, ya mere njem nlegharị anya ya dị mma nke ukwuu.

N'ihi nhazi ya pụrụ iche, graphite nwere ihe ndị a pụrụ iche:

1) Okpomọkụ na-eguzogide: Ebe mgbaze nke graphite bụ 3850 ± 50 ogo, na isi ihe ya bụ ogo 4250. Ọbụlagodi mgbe ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ ultra- dị elu gbara ọkụ, mbelata ịdị arọ dị ntakịrị, yana ọnụọgụ mgbasawanye thermal dịkwa obere. Ike nke graphite na-abawanye na mmụba nke okpomọkụ. Na 2000 ogo, ike nke graphite okpukpu abụọ.

2) Eletrik na thermal conductivity: Igwe ọkụ eletrik nke graphite karịrị 100 ugboro karịa nke mineral ndị na-abụghị{2}} ọla. Nrụpụta ọkụ ya karịrị nke ọla dị ka ígwè, ígwè, na lead. Igwe ọkụ ọkụ na-ebelata ka okpomọkụ na-ebili, na ọbụna na oke okpomọkụ, graphite na-aghọ ihe mkpuchi. Graphite nwere ike iduzi ọkụ eletrik n'ihi na carbon carbon ọ bụla na graphite na-etolite naanị 3 covalent bonds na carbon carbon ndị ọzọ, na carbon carbon nke ọ bụla ka na-ejigide otu elektrọn n'efu iji nyefee ụgwọ eletrik.

3) Lubricity: Ngwongwo mmanu nke graphite dabere na nha flakes graphite. Ka flakes na-ebuwanye ibu, ọnụ ọgụgụ esemokwu na-ebelata ma na-arụ ọrụ mmanye mmanye.

4) Nkwụsi ike nke kemịkalụ: Graphite na-egosipụta nkwụsi ike kemịkalụ dị mma na ụlọ okpomọkụ ma nwee ike iguzogide corrosion sitere na acid, alkalis, na organic solvents.

5) Plasticity: Graphite nwere ike siri ike ma nwee ike ịkụnye ya n'ime mpempe akwụkwọ dị gịrịgịrị.
6) Mgbochi ujo na-ekpo ọkụ: Mgbe ejiri ya na ụlọ okpomọkụ, graphite nwere ike iguzogide mgbanwe okpomọkụ dị egwu na-enweghị mmebi. N'oge mgbanwe okpomọkụ, mgbanwe olu nke graphite dị ntakịrị ma ọ dịghị mgbawa ga-etolite.

Ebe mgbaze nke graphite
Ebe mgbaze nke diamond bụ 3823K, ebe nke graphite bụ 3925K. Ebe mgbaze nke graphite dị elu karịa nke diamond.
Atụle ebe mgbaze nke graphite na diamond enweghị ike ịtụle naanị site na akụkụ nke ike njikọ. Ọ bụrụ na eleghara ọnụ ọgụgụ nke agbụ agbaji n'oge agbaze anya, data enwetara agaghị atụkwasị obi.

Ụdị Allotropic
Graphite, diamond, carbon 60, carbon nanotubes, graphene, wdg bụ ụdị mbụ nke mmewere carbon. Ha niile bụ isomers nke otu mmewere.

Mmalite na nkesa
Nhazi na ihe omume: A na-emepụta eserese n'okpuru oke okpomọkụ. Ụdị nke a na-ekesa n'ọtụtụ ebe bụ ihe nkwụnye ego nke graphite, nke a na-emepụta site na mpaghara metamorphism nke nkume sedimentary bara ụba na ihe organic ma ọ bụ carbonaceous.
Mpaghara mmepụta ama ama: Ticonderoga, New York, Madagascar na Ceylon.

Njirimara teknụzụ nke graphite na-adabere n'ụdị kristal ya. Ihe ndị dị na graphite nwere ụdị kristal dị iche iche nwere ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na ngwa. Na ụlọ ọrụ, dabere na ụdị kristal dị iche iche, graphite na-ekewa n'ime atọ.

Delanium graphite

N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ sara mbara, ihe niile graphite enwetara site na organic carbonization sochiri elu -okpomọkụ ọgwụgwọ maka graphitization nwere ike na-ezo aka dị ka artificial graphite, dị ka carbon fibers, pyrolytic carbon, na foamed graphite, wdg. Mgbe n'echiche dị warara, graphite artificial na-ezokarị aka na ihe siri ike emepụtara site na iji obere{2} ihe nkedo, na site na usoro dị ka batching, ịgwakọta, ịkpụzi, carbonization, na graphitization. Ọmụmatụ gụnyere graphite electrodes na isostatic pressing graphite.

Enwere ike kewaa graphite arụrụ n'ụdị ụzọ ụzọ anọ: ịkpụzi ịma jijiji, ịkpụzi extrusion, ịkpụzi mkpakọ, na ịkpụzi mkpịsị aka isostatic.

Graphite kristal

Kristal graphite dị n'ụdị flakes; A na-emepụta ha site na metamorphism n'okpuru nrụgide dị elu, ma enwere nnukwu flakes na obere flakes. Njirimara nke ụdị graphite ore a bụ na ọkwa ya adịghị elu, n'ozuzu sitere na 2% ruo 3%, ma ọ bụ n'etiti 10% na 25%. Ọ bụ otu n'ime mmanụ kacha mma na-ese n'elu mmiri n'okike, yana site n'ọtụtụ egweri na nhọrọ, enwere ike nweta mkpokọta graphite dị elu{6}. The floatability, lubricity, na plasticity nke ụdị graphite dị elu karịa nke ndị ọzọ ụdị graphite; ya mere, uru ụlọ ọrụ ya kacha ukwuu.
Ihe eserese nke Gphanitic

A na-akpọkwa graphite Cryptocrystalline dị ka graphite microcrystalline ma ọ bụ graphite earthy. Ogologo kristal nke ụdị graphite a bụ ihe na-erughị 1 micrometer, na ebe dị n'elu ya dị site na 1 ruo 5 m2 / g. Ọ bụ mkpokọta microcrystalline graphite na enwere ike ịhụ ya naanị n'ụdị kristal n'okpuru microscope elektrọn. Ihe e ji mara ụdị graphite a bụ na elu ya bụ nke ụwa, enweghị ihe na-egbukepụ egbukepụ, ma nwee obere mmanu dara ogbenye karịa flake graphite. Ọkwa ahụ dị oke elu. N'ozuzu, ọ bụ 60-85%. Ole na ole nwere ike iru karịa 90%. A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe.

A na-eji Graphite eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ ma na-arụ ọrụ na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mpaghara ọ bụla. Ụdị a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ bụ graphite artificial, nke a makwaara dị ka graphite pụrụ iche. Dabere n'otú e si emepụta ya, enwere ike kewaa ya n'ime ụdị ndị a.

1. Isostatic mgbali graphite. Nke a bụ ihe ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-akpọ "atọ{2} graphite dị elu", mana ọ bụchaghị nrụgide dịpụrụ adịpụ naanị n'ihi na ọ dị "atọ- dị elu".
2. graphite kpụrụ akpụ
3. Extruded graphite, nke a na-ejikarị dị ka ihe electrode.
N'ime ha, dị ka urughuru nke graphite si dị, a pụkwara ikewa ya gaa na: graphite nhazi zuru ezu, ọkara{0} graphite siri ike (nke nwere oke akụkụ nke ihe dịka 0.8mm), na graphite electrode (2-4mm).

Na kristal graphite, carbon carbon dị n'otu oyi akwa na-etolite njikọ covalent site na sp2 hybridization. Atọm carbon ọ bụla na-ejikọta ya na atọ ndị ọzọ site na nkekọ covalent atọ. Atọm carbon isii ahụ na-etolite mgbanaka hexagonal mgbe niile n'otu ụgbọ elu, na-agbatị n'ime usoro nwere akwa. Ogologo njikọ nke njikọ C{{4}C niile bụ 142 ehihie, bụ nke dabara kpọmkwem n'ime ogologo nkekọ nke kristal atọm. Ya mere, maka otu oyi akwa, ọ bụ kristal atomic. N'otu ụgbọ elu ahụ, carbon carbon atom ọ bụla ka nwere otu p orbital fọdụrụ, ha na-ejikọta ibe ha. Eletrọn ahụ dịtụghị onwe ya, ya na electrons efu na ọla, yabụ graphite nwere ike iduzi okpomọkụ na ọkụ eletrik, nke bụ njirimara nke kristal ọla. Ya mere, ọ bụkwa akụkụ nke kristal ọla.

A na-ekewa ọkwa ndị dị na kristal graphite site na 340 pm, nke bụ ebe dịtụ anya. Ndị agha van der Waals jikọtara ha ọnụ, nke pụtara na ha bụ kristal molekul. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi njikọ siri ike n'etiti carbon carbon n'otu oyi akwa ụgbọ elu, ọ na-esiri ike imebi ha, ya mere ebe mgbaze nke graphite dịkwa oke elu na ihe ndị kemịkal ya kwụsiri ike.
Nyere ụdị njikọ njikọ ya pụrụ iche, enweghị ike ịkewa ya dị ka kristal atomic ma ọ bụ kristal molekụla. N'okwu nke oge a, a na-ewere ya dị ka kristal agwakọta.

Njirimara kristal

Usoro kristal na otu oghere: Sistemu kristal hexagonal, P63/mc
Parampat cell: a0=0.246 nm, c{1}} nm
A na-ahazi usoro a na-ahụkarị, carbon carbon na-ahazi n'ígwé, carbon ọ bụla na-ejikọta ya na carbon dị n'akụkụ n'ebe dị anya, a na-ahazi carbons dị na oyi akwa ọ bụla n'ụdị mgbanaka hexagonal, mgbanaka hexagonal nke carbons na n'akụkụ n'akụkụ na-ebugharị n'akụkụ ụgbọ elu yiri ya tupu ebuli ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe owuwu. Ụdị polymorphs dị iche iche na-akpata site na nhazi dị iche iche na anya nke nchụpụ. Oghere dị n'etiti carbon carbon dị n'ọkwa elu na nke ala dị nnọọ ukwuu karịa nke dị n'etiti carbons n'ime otu oyi akwa (C- C - N'ebe dị n'ime oyi akwa=0.142 nm, C-C{4}C n'etiti oyi akwa=0.340 nm)
Ụdị: kristal otu na-adịkarị na mpempe akwụkwọ-ka ma ọ bụ efere{1}} dị ka ụdị, mana ndị zuru oke anaghị ahụcha ya. Nchịkọta na-adịkarị n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ -dị ka, ngọngọ- dị ka na ala{5}} dị ka ụdị.
Agba: Ígwè ojii

Ogologo: ojii na-egbuke egbuke
Nghọta: Enweghị nghọta{{0}
Luster: Semi-ọla ọla
Isi ike: 1-2
Diaphaneity na mgbajiji: Nkpicha ndị yiri ya zuru oke
Nnukwu ike ndọda: 2.21 - 2.26 g/cm³
Mpaghara elu akọwapụtara: 5 - 10 m²/g
Ngwongwo ndị ọzọ: Mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ dị gịrịgịrị na-agbanwe agbanwe, nwere mmetụta na-amị amị, ọ na-enwekarị ntụpọ aka, ma nwee ezigbo ọkụ eletrik.
Njirimara njirimara: Agba ojii ojii, ike siri ike dị ala, otu mgbawa zuru oke, mmetụta na-amị amị ma mebie aka; Ọ bụrụ na a na-edobe irighiri zinc nke mmiri mmiri na ngwọta sulfate ọla kọpa na graphite, ntụpọ ọla kọpa nwere ike ịgbanye, mana ọ nweghị mmeghachi omume dị otú ahụ na-apụta na graphite{0}dị ka molybdenite.

Mgbe ndị mmadụ na-eche banyere diamond, ha na-ejikọta ha ozugbo na ihe nkiri ndị na-egbuke egbuke na ndị mara mma, bụ ndị na-egbuke egbuke ka ha na-agagharị. Agbanyeghị, n'ihi oke ọnụ ahịa ha, ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-egbochi inweta ha. A na-akpọ diamond eke eke "diamond" naanị mgbe emechara ya na diamond. Ola diamond eke dị oke ụkọ. N'ụwa, enwere naanị diamond abụọ dị ihe karịrị 1000 carats (1 gram=5 carats), ma enwere naanị diamond ole na ole na-atụ ihe karịrị carats 400. Dayamọnd kasịnụ a chọtara na China ruo ugbu a dị carats 158.786 ma kpọọ ya "Changlin Diamond". Dị ka a na-ekwu, " ụkọ na-eme ihe bara uru". N'ihi na diamond eke eke nwere ike iji dị ka "diamond" dị ụkọ, ndị mmadụ na-achọ iji diamond "artificial" dochie ha. Nke a na-eduga na echiche nke "ejima" nke diamond - graphite.

Ngwakọta kemịkalụ nke ma diamond na graphite bụ carbon (C), a na-akpọkwa ha "ụdị allotropic" nke otu mmewere. Site n'okwu a, enwere ike ịghọta na ha nwere otu "ọdịdị", mana "ụdị" ma ọ bụ "ihe onwunwe" ha dị iche ma dị nnọọ iche. diamond bụ ihe kacha sie ike ugbu a, ebe graphite bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị kachasị nro.

Ọdịiche siri ike dị n'etiti graphite na diamond dị ezigbo mkpa, ma ndị mmadụ ka na-atụ anya inweta diamond site na usoro nhazi arụrụ arụ n'ihi na graphite (carbon) dị n'ụba na okike. Agbanyeghị, ịgbanwe carbon na graphite ka ọ bụrụ usoro nhazi carbon nke diamond abụghị ọrụ dị mfe. N'okpuru ikuku 5-60,000 nke nrụgide ((5-6) × 10³ MPa) na okpomọkụ sitere na 1000 ruo 2000 degrees Celsius, site na iji ihe ndị na-eme ka ígwè dị ka ígwè, cobalt, na nickel, graphite nwere ike gbanwee ka ọ bụrụ ntụ ntụ diamond.

Ihe karịrị mba iri na abụọ gburugburu ụwa arụpụtala diamond nke ọma. Otú ọ dị, ụdị diamond a nwere ihe ndị dị mma nke ukwuu na ngwa ya bụ isi dị ka ihe na-egweri ihe, nke a na-eji maka igbutu na igwu mmiri nke olulu mmiri na mmanụ ala. Ugbu a, na oriri diamond ụwa, 80% nke diamond artificial na-ejikarị eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ, na mmepụta ya karịrị mmepụta nke diamond eke.

Ụmụ irighiri diamond a haziri na mbụ bụ oji, 0.5mm n'ogo, ma tụọ ihe dịka 0.1 carat (obere nha maka gem{2}} diamond dị mma na-adịkarịghị ihe na-erughị 0.1 carat). Mba ndị dị ka United States na Japan emepụtalarị ụmụ irighiri diamond na-eru ihe ruru carats 6.1. Anyị nwere ike ịsị na ola diamond 'esi na graphite pụta'. Bara nnukwu uru- diamond synthetic dị mma ga-adịkwa n'ahịa n'oge adịghị anya.

Nchacha eserese: Enwere ụzọ abụọ: nchacha kemịkalụ na nchacha anụ ahụ.

1.Nchacha kemịkalụ na-eji uru nke graphite na-eguzogide acid, alkalis na corrosion. Ọ na-agụnye iji acids na alkalis na-emeso graphite concentrate na-agbari adịghị ọcha, nke a na-asachapụ wee mụbaa ọkwa nke itinye uche. Nchacha kemịkalụ nwere ike iwepụta graphite carbon dị elu nke nwere akara 99%. Enwere ụzọ dị iche iche e si eme ka mmiri dị ọcha, n'ime nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ usoro ikpo ọkụ dị elu{5} na sodium hydroxide.

Ụkpụrụ bụ isi bụ na n'okpuru ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị elu karịa ogo 500, adịghị ọcha dị na graphite (karịsịa silicate mineral) na-emeghachi omume na soda caustic, ntụgharị, NaOH, iji mepụta mmiri{4} ngwaahịa mmeghachi omume na-agbaze. Site na iji mmiri na-agbapụta ngwaahịa mmeghachi omume, enwere ike iwepụ ụfọdụ adịghị ọcha. Maka adịghị ọcha ndị ọzọ, dị ka iron oxides, mgbe alkali fusion gasịrị, a na-ewepụ ha na HCl ka ha mepụta mmiri{7}}soluble ferric chloride, nke enwere ike wepu ya site na ịsacha mmiri.

N'ime usoro a dị n'elu, ntinye uche nke NaOH dị ihe dịka 50%, a na-ejikọta ya na graphite na nha nke 1: 0.8. Ya bụ, maka otu ton ọ bụla dị elu{4}}carbon graphite emepụtara, a na-eri ihe dị ka 0.4 tọn nke NaOH. Ọnụ ego mgbakwunye nke HCl bụ ihe dịka 30% nke graphite. Mmanụ a na-eji bụ coal, ihe dịka 0.6 ruo 0.7 tọn. Akụrụngwa ndị a na-eji na usoro ngwakọta alkali gụnyere arịlịka{12}}ụdị agitators, ọkụ ọkụ, spiral paddle agitators, V{13}ịsacha tankị, wdg. Ọnụego mgbake bụ 85-90%, ego a na-etinye bụ 15-200,000 yuan. N'agbanyeghị na usoro a dịtụ elu, ọ nwekwara ụfọdụ adịghị ike dị ka nnukwu mmiri oriri, oke graphite ọnwụ, obere mmepụta ọnụego, elu alkali oriri, na ihe mkpofu mmiri mmiri tọhapụrụ na-emetọ gburugburu ebe obibi.

2.Nsacha anụ ahụ, nke a makwaara dị ka ịdị ọcha{{0}okpomọkụ dị elu, na-eji nnukwu nguzogide okpomọkụ nke graphite. Ọ na-etinye graphite n'ime ọkụ eletrik, kewapụ ya na ikuku, wee kpoo ya ruo ogo 2500 ka ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha (ya bụ, residues) wepụ, si otú ahụ na-abawanye ọkwa nke ọla a nụchara anụcha. Site na nchacha ọkụ dị elu-okpomọkụ, enwere ike nweta graphite dị ọcha nke nwere akara 99.9%{10}}
Ojiji Ojiji Omenala

1). Dị ka refractory ihe: Graphite na ngwaahịa ya nwere ihe onwunwe nke elu okpomọkụ iguzogide na elu ike. N'ime ụlọ ọrụ igwe, a na-ejikarị emepụta ihe ndị dị na graphite. N'ịme nchara, a na-ejikarị graphite eme ihe dị ka ihe nchebe maka ingots ígwè yana dị ka mkpuchi dị n'ime nke ọkụ ọla.

2). Dị ka ihe na-eduzi ihe: A na-eji ya na ụlọ ọrụ eletriki maka ịmepụta electrodes, brushes, carbon rods, carbon tubes, positive poles of mercury rectifiers, graphite gaskets, ekwentị akụkụ, na mkpuchi maka telivishọn foto tubes, wdg.

3) Dị ka uwe{1} ihe na-egbochi mmanu mmanu: A na-ejikarị graphite eme ihe dị ka mmanu na ụlọ ọrụ igwe. Mmanụ mmanu anaghị adịkarị mma maka ojiji n'okpuru nnukwu -ọsọ, elu{4}okpomọkụ na ọnọdụ nrụgide dị elu, ebe graphite wear{6} ihe ndị na-eguzogide nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ na-enweghị mmanụ mmanụ n'oge okpomọkụ sitere na 200 ruo 2000 degrees yana na oke ọsọ ọsọ. Ọtụtụ akụrụngwa maka ibu mgbasa ozi na-emebi emebi na-ejikarị ihe graphite eme iko piston, akara akara na bearings. Mgbe ha na-arụ ọrụ, ọ dịghị mmanụ na-ete mmanụ kwesịrị ịgbakwunye. Graphite emulsion bụkwa ezigbo mmanye maka ọtụtụ nhazi ígwè (ịdenye waya, ọkpọkọ ọkpọkọ).

4) Graphite na-egosipụta nkwụsi ike kemịkal dị mma. Graphite nke megoro nhazi pụrụ iche nwere njirimara dị ka nguzogide corrosion, ezigbo ikuku okpomọkụ, na ikike dị ala. A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na-emepụta ihe ndị na-ekpo ọkụ ọkụ, tankị mmeghachi omume, condensers, ụlọ ọkụ ọkụ, ụlọ elu absorption, coolers, heaters, nzacha, na mgbapụta akụrụngwa. A na-etinye ya nke ọma na mpaghara ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche gụnyere petrochemicals, hydrometallurgy, acid and alkali production, sịntetik fibers, papermakers, wdg, si otú ahụ na-azọpụta nnukwu ego nke ígwè ihe. Ụdị ndị na-abụghị{6} graphite porous dị iche na nguzogide corrosion n'ihi resins dị iche iche ha nwere. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị e tinyere n'ime resin phenolic na-eguzogide acid ma ọ bụghị alkali; ndị etinyere na resin mmanya furfuryl na-eguzogide ma acid na alkali. Nguzogide okpomọkụ nke ụdị dị iche iche na-adịkwa iche: carbon na graphite nwere ike iguzogide okpomọkụ nke 2000 ruo 3000 degrees Celsius na ibelata ikuku, wee malite oxidize na 350 degrees Celsius na 400 Celsius n'otu n'otu na ikuku oxidizing; nguzogide okpomọkụ nke ụdị graphite ndị na-abụghị{13} na-adaberekwa na onye na-eme ihe na-eju afọ, na n'ozuzu, ndị a na-etinye na mmanya phenolic ma ọ bụ furfuryl nwere okpomọkụ n'okpuru 180 degrees Celsius.

5) . Dị ka ihe nkedo, nkedo ájá, ịpị ịkpụ na ihe igwe ọla dị elu{2}: N'ihi obere mgbasawanye ọkụ nke graphite na ike ya iguzogide mgbanwe ngwa ngwa na nju oyi na kpo oku, enwere ike iji ya dị ka ihe eji eme iko. Mgbe ejiri graphite mee ihe, ọla ojii nwere ike ịmepụta ihe ndị nwere akụkụ ziri ezi, ebe dị mma, mkpụrụ dị elu, enwere ike iji ya mee ihe ozugbo ma ọ bụ jiri obere nhazi, si otú a na-echekwa nnukwu ígwè. Na mmepụta nke ntụ ntụ metallurgy Filiks dị ka ike alloys, graphite ihe na-emekarị na-eji eme ebu na poselin ụgbọ mmiri maka sintering. Monocrystalline silicon crystal growth crucibles, zone refining containers, support fixtures, induction heaters, etc. na-esi na elu-ọcha graphite. Na mgbakwunye, graphite nwekwara ike iji dị ka graphite mkpuchi efere na bases maka vacuum smelting, elu{9}}okpomọkụ ọkpọkọ tubes, mkpara, efere, grids na ihe ndị ọzọ na elu okpomọkụ.

6) Maka ụlọ ọrụ ike atọmịk na ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa: Graphite nwere ihe njikwa neutron dị mma ma jiri ya mee ihe dị ka onye njikwa neutron na reactors atomic. Uranium - graphite reactor bụ otu n'ime ụdị reactors atomiki a na-ejikarị. Ihe njikwa ihe maka ndị na-emegharị atọm ike kwesịrị inwe ebe mgbaze dị elu, nkwụsi ike na nguzogide corrosion. Graphite nwere ike imezu ihe ndị a chọrọ. Ịdị ọcha nke graphite ejiri na reactors atomic dị oke elu, yana ọdịnaya adịghị ọcha na-agafeghị ọtụtụ PPM iri na abụọ. Karịsịa, ọdịnaya boron kwesịrị ịbụ ihe na-erughị 0.5 PPM. N'ime ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa, a na-ejikwa graphite rụpụta nozzles nke rọketi mmanụ siri ike{9}}, imi nke ngwa agha, akụkụ nke akụrụngwa igodo oghere, ihe mkpuchi ọkụ, na ihe nchebe radieshon.

7) Graphite nwekwara ike igbochi ikpo ọkụ ọkụ. Nnwale ndị nkeji dị mkpa mere egosila na ịtinye ụfọdụ ntụ ntụ graphite (ihe dị ka gram 4-5 kwa ton nke mmiri) na mmiri nwere ike igbochi ịchacha n'elu mmiri ọkụ. Ọzọkwa, a pụrụ itinye graphite n'ígwè anwụrụ ọkụ, elu ụlọ, àkwà mmiri, na pipeline iji gbochie corrosion na nchara.
8) Enwere ike iji graphite mee ihe dị ka ụzọ pensụl, pigmenti, na onye na-ekpocha ihe. Mgbe emechara nhazi pụrụ iche, enwere ike iji graphite rụpụta ihe dị iche iche pụrụ iche maka ngalaba ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche.

N'afọ ndị 1960, a na-eji ọla kọpa mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka ihe electrode, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ ngwa nke ihe dịka 90%, ebe graphite nwere nanị ihe dịka 10%. Na narị afọ nke 21, ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ malitere ịhọrọ graphite dị ka ihe electrode. Na Europe, ihe karịrị 90% nke ihe electrode bụ graphite. Ihe elektrọd a na-achịbu, ọla kọpa, fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ tụfuru uru ya niile ma e jiri ya tụnyere electrodes graphite. Gịnị kpatara mgbanwe a dị ịrịba ama? N'ezie, ọ bụ ọtụtụ uru nke graphite electrodes.

1. Ọsọ nhazi ngwa ngwa: N'ikwu okwu n'ozuzu, usoro nhazi nhazi nke graphite bụ 2 ruo 5 ugboro ngwa ngwa karịa nke ọla kọpa; ebe nhazi ngwa ngwa nke nrụpụta eletriki bụ 2 ruo 3 ugboro ngwa ngwa karịa ọla kọpa. Ihe na-adịkarịghị ka ọ ga-emezi: Uru bụ ihe doro anya na nhazi nke electrode dị mkpa; ebe dị nro nke ọla kọpa dị gburugburu 1000 degrees, ọ na-enwekwa ike imebi n'ihi okpomọkụ; sublimation okpomọkụ nke graphite bụ 3650 degrees; na ọnụọgụ mgbasawanye thermal bụ naanị 1/30 nke ọla kọpa.

2. Mkpa ọkụ: Njupụta nke graphite bụ naanị 1/5 nke ọla kọpa. Mgbe nnukwu electrodes na-eme nhazi nhazi, ọ nwere ike ibelata ibu dị na ngwá ọrụ igwe (EDM); ọ dabara adaba maka ngwa na nnukwu ebu.

3. Oriri ike dị ala; Ebe ọ bụ na mmanụ ọkụ ahụ nwekwara carbon carbon, n'oge a na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe, okpomọkụ dị elu na-eme ka carbon carbon dị na mmanụ ọkụ ahụ ree, ha na-emepụta ihe nkiri nchebe n'elu nke electrode graphite, na-akwụ ụgwọ maka mfu nke electrode graphite.

4. Ọ dịghị burrs; Mgbe edozichara electrodes ọla kọpa, ọ ka kwesịrị iji aka dozie ha iji wepụ burrs. Otú ọ dị, graphite electrodes enweghị burrs, nke na-azọpụta nnukwu ego nke na-eri na-eme ka ọ dị mfe iji nweta akpaghị aka mmepụta.

5. Graphite dị mfe ịkụ ala ma na-egbu maramara; n'ihi na nkwụsi ike nke graphite bụ naanị 1/5 nke ọla kọpa, ọ dị mma maka ịkpụ aka na polishing.

6. Ọnụ ego ihe onwunwe dị ala na ọnụahịa ahụ kwụsiri ike. N'ihi mmụba nke ọnụ ahịa ọla kọpa n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ọnụahịa nke graphite isotropic dị ugbu a karịa nke ọla kọpa. N'okpuru otu olu ahụ, ọnụ ahịa ngwaahịa graphite zuru ụwa ọnụ nke Dongyang Carbonite dị 30% ruo 60% dị ala karịa nke ọla kọpa, ọnụ ahịa ahụ kwụsiri ike na obere mgbanwe ọnụahịa oge dị mkpirikpi{{5}.

Ọ bụ kpọmkwem uru a na-enweghị atụ nke mere ka graphite jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ dochie ọla kọpa dị ka ihe kachasị mma maka electrodes EDM.

Site na mmepe sayensị na teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu, ndị mmadụ achọpụtala ọtụtụ ngwa ọhụrụ maka graphite.

Ngwaahịa graphite na-agbanwe agbanwe.

Grafite na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke a makwaara dị ka graphite gbasaa, bụ ụdị ngwaahịa graphite ọhụrụ emepụtara n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya. N'afọ 1971, United States nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta ihe mkpuchi graphite na-agbanwe agbanwe, bụ nke doziri nsogbu ntanye nke valves ume atomiki. N'ikpeazụ, Germany, Japan, na France malitekwara ime nyocha na imepụta ya. Ngwaahịa a abụghị naanị nwere njirimara nke graphite eke kamakwa ọ nwere mgbanwe pụrụ iche na ngbanwe. Ya mere, ọ bụ ezigbo akara ihe. A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na mpaghara mmepụta ihe dị ka petrochemicals na ike atomiki. Ọchịchọ ahịa mba ụwa maka ya na-abawanye kwa afọ.

Ngwa ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ

Na mgbakwunye, a na-ejikwa graphite dị ka ihe na-egbu egbu na ihe na-egbochi nchara na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ maka imepụta iko na akwụkwọ. Ọ bụ akụrụngwa dị mkpa maka imepụta pensụl, ink, agba ojii, ink na diamond wuruwuru na ola diamond. Ọ bụ ezigbo ume - na-echekwa ma na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ma ejiri ya dị ka batrị akpaaka. Site na mmepe nke sayensị na teknụzụ ọgbara ọhụrụ na ụlọ ọrụ, mpaghara ngwa nke graphite na-agbasawanye mgbe niile yana ọ ghọwo ngwa ngwa dị mkpa maka ihe mejupụtara ọhụrụ na mpaghara teknụzụ dị elu, na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na akụ na ụba mba.